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Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 37. Chapters: Ward Cunningham, Code refactoring, Regression testing, Kent Beck, Pair programming, JUnit, Martin Fowler, Test-driven development, Unit testing, Continuous integration, Extreme programming practices, Mock object, User story, JRipples, Concutest, Multi-stage continuous integration, FireBenchmarks, NUnit, Chrysler Comprehensive Compensation System, Jtest, Google Guice, Visual Studio Unit Testing Framework, Class-responsibility-collaboration card, Extreme project management, CsUnit, Ron Jeffries, Ken Schwaber, UquoniTest, CppUnit, PHPUnit, NUnitAsp, Database refactoring, Mike Cohn, PyUnit, Daily build, Jeff Sutherland, Mauve, TestDox, Unit++, Dave Astels, Test-Driven Development by Example, DUnit, Itch-scratchware, MSTest, NMock, FUnit. Excerpt: Extreme Programming (XP) is a software development methodology which is intended to improve software quality and responsiveness to changing customer requirements. As a type of agile software development, it advocates frequent ´´releases´´ in short development cycles (timeboxing), which is intended to improve productivity and introduce checkpoints where new customer requirements can be adopted. Other elements of extreme programming include: programming in pairs or doing extensive code review, unit testing of all code, avoiding programming of features until they are actually needed, a flat management structure, simplicity and clarity in code, expecting changes in the customer´s requirements as time passes and the problem is better understood, and frequent communication with the customer and among programmers. The methodology takes its name from the idea that the beneficial elements of traditional software engineering practices are taken to ´´extreme´´ levels, on the theory that if some is good, more is better. Critics have noted several potential drawbacks, including problems with unstable requirements, no documented compromises of user conflicts, and a lack of an overall design specification or document. Extreme Programming was created by Kent Beck during his work on the Chrysler Comprehensive Compensation System (C3) payroll project. Beck became the C3 project leader in March 1996 and began to refine the development method used in the project and wrote a book on the method (in October 1999, Extreme Programming Explained was published). Chrysler cancelled the C3 project in February 2000, after the company was acquired by Daimler-Benz. Although extreme programming itself is relatively new, many of its practices have been around for some time; the methodology, after all, takes ´´best practices´´ to extreme levels. For example, the ´´practice of test-first development, planning and writing tests before each micro-increment´´ was used as early as NASA´s Project Mercury, in the e

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Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 38. Chapters: Boot monitor, GUID Partition Table, Master boot record, Windows NT startup process, Linux startup process, Multi boot, Power-on self-test, Extended boot record, Boot image control, Instant on, Boot sector, Safe mode, Windows Vista startup process, Windows startup process, Diskless Remote Boot in Linux, Boot disk, MBRwizard, Bootsplash, Spin-up, EFI System partition, QuickStart, Departmental boot image, Single user mode, XSplash, BootCD, System partition and boot partition, Plymouth, Volume boot record, Splashy, Welcome to Macintosh, BIOS Boot partition, Maintenance Operations Protocol, Multiboot Specification, Usplash, Boot flag, USB image. Excerpt: In computing, booting (also known as booting up) is a bootstrapping process that starts operating systems when the user turns on a computer system. A boot sequence is the initial set of operations that the computer performs when power is switched on. The boot loader typically loads the main operating system for the computer. Beginning with the IBM 701 in the 1950s to the present, booting has been used to load operating systems into the main memory of mainframe computers, mini computers, and personal computers. Plug and play systems, such as video games and computer printers, are an exception to this rule because they execute directly from ROM. There are numerous examples of single and multi-stage booting beginning with the execution of boot program(s) stored in BIOS or boot ROMs. During the booting process, the binary code of the operating system is loaded from non-volatile secondary storage (such as a hard disk drive) into volatile memory (RAM) and then executed. The booting concept is also known as ´´Initial Program Load´´ for IBM mainframe computers. The computer word boot is short for bootstrap (itself short for bootstrap load). The term bootstrap derives from the idiom to pull oneself up by one´s bootstraps. The term refers to the problem whereby a computer cannot run without first loading software but must be running before any software can be loaded. In computers in the 1950s, pressing a bootstrap button caused a hardwired program to read a bootstrap program from a punched card in a card reader, a magnetic tape in a tape drive, or a magnetic drum unit or magnetic disk drive, and then execute the loaded boot program, which loaded a larger system of programs from that medium into memory without further help from the human operator. The term ´´boot´´ has been used in this sense since at least 1958. For example, in the IBM 701 computer (1952-1956) which had a ´´load´´ button that initiated reading of the first 36-bit word from a punched card, a magnetic tape, or a magn

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